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TYRAMINE

Other Names:

4-(2-Aminoethyl)phenol, 4-Hydroxyphenethylamine, Tyramin, Tyramine hydrochloride.

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TYRAMINE Overview Information

Tyramine is a chemical found in the body. It's also found in fermented foods and drinks, like beer and cheese. It can also be made in a lab.

Tyramine helps the brain and nervous system function normally. High levels of tyramine can cause blood vessels to tighten, which increases blood pressure.

People use tyramine for weight loss and athletic performance, but there is no good scientific evidence to support these uses.

TYRAMINE Uses & Effectiveness

We currently have no information for TYRAMINE Uses & Effectiveness

TYRAMINE Side Effects & Safety

When taken by mouth: Tyramine is possibly safe when consumed in amounts found in foods. Meals that contain no more than 600 mg of tyramine are considered safe for most people. But eating more than 600 mg of tyramine per meal is possibly unsafe. This might increase the risk for side effects, including high blood pressure and headache.

There isn't enough reliable information to know if tyramine supplements are safe to use.

Special Precautions & Warnings:

Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There isn't enough reliable information to know if tyramine is safe to use when pregnant or breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

High blood pressure: Tyramine might increase blood pressure. Taking tyramine supplements might make high blood pressure worse.

Migraine headaches: Taking tyramine might cause migraine headaches, especially in people who suffer from migraines. Don't take tyramine supplements if you get migraines.

Surgery: Tyramine might increase blood pressure. In theory, taking tyramine might interfere with surgery by increasing blood pressure. Stop taking tyramine supplements at least 2 weeks before surgery.

TYRAMINE Interactions

Major Interaction Do not take this combination

Medications for depression (MAOIs) interacts with TYRAMINE
Tyramine can increase blood pressure. Some medications used for depression can stop the body from breaking down tyramine. Taking tyramine with these medications might increase levels of tyramine and increase the risk for serious side effects.
Some common MAOIs include phenelzine (Nardil), selegiline (Zelapar), and tranylcypromine (Parnate).
Medications for high blood pressure (Antihypertensive drugs) interacts with TYRAMINE
Tyramine might increase blood pressure. Taking tyramine might reduce the effects of blood pressure medications. Monitor your blood pressure closely.

Moderate Interaction Be cautious with this combination

Alcohol (Ethanol) interacts with TYRAMINE
The body breaks down tyramine to get rid of it. Alcohol might slow down how quickly the body gets rid of tyramine. This might increase the risk for side effects from tyramine.

Minor Interaction Be watchful with this combination

Stimulant drugs interacts with TYRAMINE
Stimulants, such as amphetamines and cocaine, speed up the nervous system. By speeding up the nervous system, stimulant medications can increase blood pressure and speed up the heartbeat. Tyramine can also speed up the nervous system. Taking tyramine along with stimulant drugs might cause serious problems including increased heart rate and high blood pressure.

TYRAMINE Dosing

Tyramine is naturally found in many foods and drinks, including aged cheese and wine and beer. In supplements, there isn't enough reliable information to know what an appropriate dose of tyramine might be. Keep in mind that natural products are not always necessarily safe and dosages can be important. Be sure to follow relevant directions on product labels and consult a healthcare professional before using.

View clinical references for this vitamin or supplement Sources

References:

Sun-Edelstein, C. and Mauskop, A. Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Clin J Pain 2009;25(5):446-452. View abstract.

Carpéné C, Galitzky J, Belles C, Zakaroff-Girard A. Mechanisms of the antilipolytic response of human adipocytes to tyramine, a trace amine present in food. J Physiol Biochem. 2018;74(4):623-633. View abstract.

Caston JC, Eaton CL, Gheorghiu BP, Ware LL. Tyramine induced hypertensive episodes and panic attacks in hereditary deficient monoamine oxidase patients: case reports. J S C Med Assoc. 2002;98(4):187-92. View abstract.

Colombo F, Porro T, del Rosso G, Bertalero P, Orlandi L, Libretti A. Cardiovascular responses to physical exercise and tyramine infusion in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. J Hum Hypertens. 1989;3(4):245-9. View abstract.

D'Andrea G, Granella F, Leone M, Perini F, Farruggio A, Bussone G. Abnormal platelet trace amine profiles in migraine with and without aura. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(8):968-72. View abstract.

D'Andrea G, Terrazzino S, Leon A, et al. Elevated levels of circulating trace amines in primary headaches. Neurology 2004;62:1701-5. View abstract.

Del Rio B, Redruello B, Linares DM, et al. The dietary biogenic amines tyramine and histamine show synergistic toxicity towards intestinal cells in culture. Food Chem. 2017;218:249-255. View abstract.

European Food Safety Authority. Scientific opinion on risk based control of biogenic amine formation in fermented foods. EFSA Journal. 2011;9(10):2393.

Gardner DM, Shulman KI, Walker SE, Tailor SA. The making of a user friendly MAOI diet. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:99-104. View abstract.

Ghose K, Carroll JD. Mechanism of tyramine-induced migraine: similarity with dopamine and interactions with disulfiram and propranolol in migraine patients. Neuropsychobiology. 1984;12(2-3):122-6. View abstract.

Gilliam LK, Palmer JP, Taborsky GJ Jr. Tyramine-mediated activation of sympathetic nerves inhibits insulin secretion in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(10):4035-8. View abstract.

Gillman K. "Much ado about nothing": monoamine oxidase inhibitors, drug interactions, and dietary tyramine. CNS Spectr. 2017;22(5):385-387. View abstract.

Lawrence MJ, Davies G, Nyberg M, et al. The effect of tyramine infusion and exercise on blood flow, coagulation and clot microstructure in healthy individuals. Thromb Res. 2018;170:32-37. View abstract.

Linares DM, del Rio B, Redruello B, et al. Comparative analysis of the in vitro cytotoxicity of the dietary biogenic amines tyramine and histamine. Food Chem. 2016;197(Pt A):658-63. View abstract.

Meck JV, Martin DS, D'Aunno DS, Waters WW. Pressor response to intravenous tyramine is a marker of cardiac, but not vascular, adrenergic function. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2003;41(1):126-31. View abstract.

Merikangas KR, Stevens DE, Merikangas JR, et al. Tyramine conjugation deficit in migraine, tension-type headache, and depression. Biol Psychiatry. 1995;38(11):730-6. View abstract.

National Institutes of Health. Dietary Supplement Label Database. https://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/dsld/rptQSearch.jsp?item=tyramine&db=adsld. Accessed October 23, 2019.

Pace DG, Reele SB, Rozik LM, Rogers-Phillips CA, Dabice JA, Givens SV. Evaluation of methods of administering tyramine to raise systolic blood pressure. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1988;44(2):137-44. View abstract.

Pawar RS, Grundel E, Fardin-Kia AR, Rader JI. Determination of selected biogenic amines in Acacia rigidula plant materials and dietary supplements using LC-MS/MS methods. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2014 Jan;88:457-66. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.09.012. Epub 2013 Oct 5. View abstract.

Pawar RS, Grundel E. Overview of regulation of dietary supplements in the USA and issues of adulteration with phenethylamines (PEAs). Drug Test Anal 2017;9:500-517. View abstract.

Peet M, Yates RA, Carroll JA, Middlemiss DN. The interaction of tyramine with a single dose of tranylcypromine in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;11(2):212-4. View abstract.

Rafehi M, Faltraco F, Matthaei J, et al. Highly variable pharmacokinetics of tyramine in humans and polymorphisms in OCT1, CYP2D6, and MAO-A. Front Pharmacol. 2019 Oct 30;10:1297. View abstract.

Rapaport MH. Dietary restrictions and drug interactions with monoamine oxidase inhibitors: the state of the art. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68 Suppl 8:42-6. View abstract.

Salter M, Kenney A. Myocardial injury from tranylcypromine-induced hypertensive crisis secondary to excessive tyramine intake. Cardiovasc Toxicol. 2018;18(6):583-586. View abstract.

Shulman KI, Walker SE. Refining the MAOI diet: tyramine content of pizzas and soy products. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:191-3. View abstract.

Smedema JP, Müller GJ. Coronary spasm and thrombosis in a bodybuilder using a nutritional supplement containing synephrine, octopamine, tyramine and caffeine. S Afr Med J. 2008;98(5):372-3. View abstract.

VanDenBerg CM, Blob LF, Kemper EM, Azzaro AJ. Tyramine pharmacokinetics and reduced bioavailability with food. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43(6):604-9. View abstract.

Walker SE, Shulman KI, Tailor SA, Gardner D. Tyramine content of previously restricted foods in monoamine oxidase inhibitor diets. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1996;16:383-8. View abstract.

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