References:
Aaron JG, Sobieszczyk ME, Weiner SD, Whittier S, Lowy FD. Lactobacillus rhamnosus endocarditis after upper endoscopy. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017;4(2):ofx085. View abstract.
Bahrudin MF, Abdul Rani R, Tamil AM, Mokhtar NM, Raja Ali RA. Effectiveness of Sterilized Symbiotic Drink Containing Lactobacillus helveticus Comparable to Probiotic Alone in Patients with Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2020;65(2):541-549. View abstract.
Bertelli C, Pillonel T, Torregrossa A, et al. Bifidobacterium longum bacteremia in preterm infants receiving probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60(6):924-7. View abstract.
Dani C, Coviello C C, Corsini I I, Arena F, Antonelli A, Rossolini GM. Lactobacillus Sepsis and Probiotic Therapy in Newborns: Two New Cases and Literature Review. AJP Rep. 2016;6(1):e25-9. View abstract.
Edebol Carlman HMT, Rode J, König J, et al. Probiotic mixture containing Lactobacillus helveticus, Bifidobacterium longum and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum affects brain responses to an arithmetic stress task in healthy subjects: A randomised clinical trial and proof-of-concept study. Nutrients 2022;14(7):1329. View abstract.
Esaiassen E, Cavanagh P, Hjerde E, Simonsen GS, Støen R, Klingenberg C. Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis bacteremia in 3 extremely preterm infants receiving probiotics. Emerg Infect Dis 2016;22(9):1664-6. View abstract.
Evans M, Salewski RP, Christman MC, Girard SA, Tompkins TA. Effectiveness of Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus rhamnosus for the management of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in healthy adults: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Nutr. 2016;116(1):94-103. View abstract.
Fetrow CW, Avila JR. Professional's Handbook of Complementary & Alternative Medicines. 1st ed. Springhouse, PA: Springhouse Corp., 1999.
Franko B, Vaillant M, Recule C, Vautrin E, Brion JP, Pavese P. Lactobacillus paracasei endocarditis in a consumer of probiotics. Med Mal Infect 2013;43(4):171-3. View abstract.
Freedman SB, Williamson-Urquhart S, Farion KJ, et al. Multicenter Trial of a Combination Probiotic for Children with Gastroenteritis. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 22;379(21):2015-2026. View abstract.
Freedman SB, Xie J, Nettel-Aguirre A, et al. A randomized trial evaluating virus-specific effects of a combination probiotic in children with acute gastroenteritis. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):2533. View abstract.
Goldin BR. Health Benefits of probiotics. Br J Nutr 1998;80:S203-7. View abstract.
Kalima P, Masterton RG, Roddie PH, et al. Lactobacillus rhamnosus infection in a child following bone marrow transplant. J Infect 1996;32:165-7. View abstract.
Kato K, Funabashi N, Takaoka H, et al. Lactobacillus paracasei endocarditis in a consumer of probiotics with advanced and severe bicuspid aortic valve stenosis complicated with diffuse left ventricular mid-layer fibrosis. Int J Cardiol 2016;224:157-61. View abstract.
Kazemi A, Noorbala AA, Azam K, Eskandari MH, Djafarian K. Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Nutr 2019;38(2):522-8. View abstract.
Manzano S, De Andrés J, Castro I, Rodríguez JM, Jiménez E, Espinosa-Martos I. Safety and tolerance of three probiotic strains in healthy infants: a multi-centre randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Benef Microbes 2017;8(4):569-578. View abstract.
Meydani SN, Ha WK. Immunologic effects of yogurt. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:861-72. View abstract.
Michalickova D, Minic R, Dikic N, et al. Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti L10 supplementation reduces respiratory infection duration in a cohort of elite athletes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Jul;41(7):782-9. View abstract.
Michalickova DM, Kostic-Vucicevic MM, Vukasinovic-Vesic MD, et al. Lactobacillus helveticus Lafti L10 supplementation modulates mucosal and humoral immunity in elite athletes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 2017;31(1):62-70. View abstract.
Pierce A. The American Pharmaceutical Association Practical Guide to Natural Medicines. New York: The Stonesong Press, 1999:19.
Pillai A, Tan J, Paquette V, Panczuk J. Does probiotic bacteremia in premature infants impact clinically relevant outcomes? A case report and updated review of literature. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2020;39:255-259. View abstract.
Poindexter B; Committee on fetus and newborn. Use of Probiotics in Preterm Infants. Pediatrics. 2021;147(6):e2021051485. View abstract.
Pruccoli G, Silvestro E, Pace Napoleone C, Aidala E, Garazzino S, Scolfaro C. Are probiotics safe? Bifidobacterium bacteremia in a child with severe heart failure. Infez Med. 2019;27(2):175-178. View abstract.
Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Kauma H, et al. Liver abscess due to Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain indistinguishable from L. rhamnosus strain GG. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1159-60. View abstract.
Roberfroid MB. Prebiotics and probiotics: are they functional foods? Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(6 Suppl):1682S-7S; discussion 1688S-90S. View abstract.
Romijn AR, Rucklidge JJ, Kuijer RG, Frampton C. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum for the symptoms of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017;51(8):810-821. View abstract.
Rossi F, Amadoro C, Gasperi M, Colavita G. Lactobacilli infection case reports in the last three years and safety implications. Nutrients. 2022;14(6):1178. View abstract.
Saxelin M, Chuang NH, Chassy B, et al. Lactobacilli and bacteremia in southern Finland 1989-1992. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:564-6. View abstract.
Schnadower D, O'Connell KJ, VanBuren JM, et al. Association between diarrhea duration and severity and probiotic efficacy in children with acute gastroenteritis. Am J Gastroenterol 2021;116(7):1523-1532. View abstract.
Sendil S, Shrimanker I, Mansoora Q, Goldman J, Nookala VK. Lactobacillus rhamnosus bacteremia in an immunocompromised renal transplant patient. Cureus. 2020;12(2):e6887. View abstract.
US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Dear Healthcare Provider Letter: Warning Regarding Use of Probiotics in Preterm Infants. September 2023. Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/172606/download?attachment. Accessed November 1, 2023.
Wallace CJK, Milev RV. The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of probiotics on depression: Clinical results from an open-label pilot study. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:618279. View abstract.
Yamashita M, Miyoshi M, Iwai M, Takeda R, Ono T, Kabuki T. Lactobacillus helveticus SBT2171 alleviates perennial allergic rhinitis in Japanese adults by suppressing eosinophils: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutrients 2020;12(12):3620. View abstract.
Zbinden A, Zbinden R, Berger C, Arlettaz R. Case series of Bifidobacterium longum bacteremia in three preterm infants on probiotic therapy. Neonatology 2015;107(1):56-9. View abstract.
Zheng J, Wittouch S, Salvetti E, et al. A Taxonomic Note on the Genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 Novel Genera, Emended Description of the Genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and Union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2020 Apr 15. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.004107. View abstract.